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Vitamin D deficiency
Up To Date — INTRODUCTION - Vitamin D plays an important role in many places throughout the body, including the development and calcification of the bones. Adequate exposure to sunlight and the use of dairy products with vitamin D have significantly reduced ...More…
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Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in men)
Up To Date — INTRODUCTION - Gynecomastia is a condition in which the breasts become enlarged in boys or men, sometimes causing discomfort or nipple tenderness. It is usually the result of a hormonal imbalance and typically occurs during infancy, adolescence, ...More…
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Infertility treatment with gonadotropins
Up To Date — Gonadotropins are hormones (LH and FSH) that can be given in an injection to stimulate a woman's ovaries to produce follicles, which contain an oocyte (egg). Women who have not been able to become pregnant with clomiphene (Clomid®, Serophene®) ...More…
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In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Up To Date — INTRODUCTION - In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a treatment for infertility in which a woman's eggs (oocytes) are fertilized by sperm in a laboratory dish. One or more of the fertilized eggs (embryos) are then transferred into the woman's uterus, . ...More…
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Weight loss treatments
Up To Date — This topic review discusses how to get started with a weight loss plan, including behavioral plans, diet therapy, and weight loss medications. Weight loss surgery is discussed in a separate topic review. (See "Patient information: Weight loss ...More…
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Weight loss surgery
Up To Date — The health risk from any level of BMI is increased if the patient has gained more than 5 kg (11 pounds) since age 25, or if the waist circumference is above 100 cm (40 in) due to central fatness. Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) This figure ...More…
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Diet and health
Up To Date — INTRODUCTION - A growing body of scientific research is beginning to provide important clues about how diet choices affect health. In some areas, the relationship between specific foods or dietary supplements and particular health outcomes is ...More…
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Collection of a 24-hour urine specimen
Up To Date — INTRODUCTION - The following instructions will guide you in the proper collection of a 24-hour urine specimen. In some instances, you will be asked to collect two or three consecutive 24-hour urine samples. Finish by collecting the first urine ...More…
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Sexual problems in women
Up To Date — INTRODUCTION - Sexual problems can occur in women of any age. Sexual dysfunction is a term used to describe difficulties in libido (sex drive), arousal, orgasm, or pain with sex that is bothersome to an individual or their sexual partner. It can ...More…
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Sexual problems in men
Up To Date — INTRODUCTION - For years, men believed that sexual problems were a normal part of growing older. Fortunately, modern medicine and changing attitudes have debunked this myth. As men and their healthcare providers become more comfortable talking ...More…
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High prolactin levels and prolactinomas
Up To Date — INTRODUCTION - Lactotroph adenomas (prolactinomas) are benign (non-cancerous) tumors of the pituitary gland that produce prolactin and thereby cause higher than normal blood prolactin concentrations. They can cause symptoms, either when the high ...More…
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Gonadotroph adenomas and other nonfunctioning adenomas
Up To Date — Hormonal criteria for the diagnosis of gonadotroph adenomas* (any one or combination of the following) Assuming the patient does not have a history of primary hypogonadism. INTRODUCTION - Pituitary tumors are abnormal growths in a small organ in ...More…